polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in Elixir for Life™. 2. Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of Colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in Elixir for Life™, including anti- polio antibody. 3. Ogra, PL, et al. Elixir for Life™-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via Elixir for Life™. 4. Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or Colostrum safely and effectively. 5. Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with Colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via Colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective. 6. Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from Colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled Colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients. 7. Van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and Colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in Colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans. 8. Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135- S146 (2000). Colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens. 9. Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with Colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of Colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year. 10. Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 –915 (1978). Cells found in Colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida. 11. Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human Elixir for Life™. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare. 12. Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched Colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining. 13. Cross, CE, et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107(4):526- 545 (1987). Oxygen free radicals, the by-products of normal metabolism, have been implicated in disease processes ranging from carcinogenesis to aging, emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in combating these conditions. 14. Ames, BN, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90(17):7915-7922 (1993). Oxidant by-products of metabolism cause significant damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage results in aging and the degenerative diseases associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against these diseases decline with age, necessitating the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet. 15. Shigenaga, MK, et al. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). The major sources of oxidative damage are oxidants generated by mitochondria in the cells of the body. Mitochondrial function declines with age, including decreased membrane fluidity, proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and decreases levels of cardiolipin, an important lipid which supports the functioning of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 16. Kurz, DJ, et al. Chronic oxidative stress compromises telomere integrity and accelerates the onset of senescence in human endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 117:2417-2426 (2004). Oxidative stress due to the buildup of oxidization by-products has been linked to the onset of cell senescence in blood vessel lining cells by disrupting telomere integrity. Telomeres are the “tails” of the chromosomes, the length of which determine the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo before reaching its limit. Glutathione, a powerful natural antioxidant, is crucial in maintaining telomere integrity. 17. Borissenko, M. Glutathione: A powerful anti-oxidant found in Elixir for Life™. NZMP August 2002. Both glutathione and its chemical predecessors are present in large quantities in Elixir for Life™. As glutathione is not absorbed directly, glutathione production in the body can only be accomplished by supplementation with its antecedents, cystine, glycine and glutamic acid, all of which are abundant in Elixir for Life™. 18. Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human Elixir for Life™. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988). Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that Colostrum is a powerful antioxidant. 19. Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human Elixir for Life™. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992). Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid. 20. Boldogh, I, et al. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from bovine Elixir for Life™. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003). PRPs down regulates lipid peroxidation, inhibits glutathione depletion and reduces intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is one more way that Colostrum demonstrates antioxidant activity. 21. Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5): 955-957 (1999). Lactoferrin also plays an important antioxidant role in Colostrum by preventing lipid peroxidation. 22. Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow’s milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas. 23. Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only Colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in Elixir for Life™. The growth factors in Colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in Elixir for Life™. 24. Prosser, C, et al. Reduction in heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by Colostrum and goat milk powders. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:650-654 (2004). Colostrum healed “leaky gut” in an experimental rat model used heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability. 25. Kimber, I, et al. Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and coetaneous inflammation. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):103-107 (2002). Apart from its modulation anti-inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin also expresses an anti-inflammatory effect through controlling the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lactoferrin inhibited the migration of these cells when the skin was exposed to an irritant, thus decreasing the inflammatory response. 26. Ward, PP, et al. Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):95-102 (2002). Lactoferrin is a prominent component of the first line of defense against infection and inflammation. It accomplishes its activity through a variety of methods, most notably iron sequestration and its effect on down-regulating TNF-α, which controls the inflammatory cascade. 27. Griffiths, CE, et al. Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and coetaneous inflammation in humans. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4):715-725 (2001). Lactoferrin influences inflammation inhibiting Langerhans cell migration, normally controlled by TNF-α and IL-1β, which are inhibited by lactoferrin. 28. Tavakkol, A, et al. Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 99(3):343- 349 (1992). Receptors for growth hormone and IGF-1 were isolated from human skin, indicating that skin cells may have the ability to react directly to growth hormone stimulation. 29. Bhora, Y, et al. Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization in human skin. Journal of Surgical Research 59(2):236-244 (1995). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), IGF-1 and epithelial growth factor (EGF) are important factors in healing skin wounds. EGF in particular is capable of initiating epithelial growth. 30. Hyde, C, et al. Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) and IGF-Binding Proteins Bound to Vitronectin Enhance Keratinocyte Protein Synthesis and Migration. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 122(5): 1198-1206 (2004). IGF-II binds directly to vitronectin, a component of the extracellular skin matrix, to enhance protein synthesis and migration by skin cells in wound healing and skin regeneration. 31. El Ghalbzouri, A, et al. Fibroblasts facilitate re-epithelialization in wounded human skin equivalents. Laboratory Investigation 84(1):102-112 (2004). Re-epithelialization of wounds begins with the migration of keratinocytes (skin cells) from the edges of the wound. This migration is dependent on the interaction of the keratinocytes with dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. This migration is accelerated by EGF and keratinocyte growth factor. 32. Moller, S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in burn patients. Burns 17(4):279-281 (1991). Impaired wound healing in large burns is related to suppressed levels of IGF-1 in the burn area. 33. Rudman, D, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine 323(1):1-6 (1990). The decline in activity of the growth hormone-IGF-1 system may be related to the loss of lean muscle mass and increase in fat mass with aging. Administration of growth hormone to men over 60 years of age resulted in increased IGF-1 levels in the blood similar to that found in much younger men, increase lean body mass, decreased fat mass and an increase in skin thickness. 34. Imokawa, G, et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? Journal of Investigative Dermatitis 96(4):523-526 (1991). The lipids found in the stratum corneum, particularly the ceramides (metabolic products of sphingomyelin), are important in maintaining the water retention and permeability barrier functions of the skin. Skin diseases marked by a breakdown in these functions, such as atopic dermatitis, are characterized by decreased levels of ceramides in the stratum corneum. Ceramide levels also decrease with age. Thus it is concluded that ceramide insufficiency is a factor in dry skin conditions. 35. Bibel, DJ, et al. Sphingosines: antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 73 (6):407-411 (1993). One of the main functions of the skin is to prevent microbial infections. Skin lipids, particularly sphingosines, which are also derived from sphingomyelin, found in the stratum corneum of the skin are one of the ways the skin controls microbial survival on the skin. Sphingosines were found to have bactericidal, bacteriostatic or fungistatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton tonsurans and Epidermatophyton floccosum, common microbes found on the skin. 36. Bibel, DJ, et al. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20(5):395-400 (1995). The sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine, both of which are strongly inhibitory effects for both bacteria and fungi in the stratum corneum of the skin, were used as topical antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, as a restorative antiseptic against expanded normal skin flora, and as therapy for Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes infections with very good results and low toxicity. 37. Leszek, J, et al. Pproline-rich polypeptide (PRP) complex isolated from ovine colostrum for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 47:377-385 (1999). PRPs has psycho-immuno-enhancing activity. It was given to patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild to moderate dementia and compared to placebo and selenium, another putative natural treatment for Alzheimer’s. PRPs demonstrated stabilization of symptoms in 13 of 15 patients as compared to none in the selenium group. 38. Leszek, J, et al. PRP (PRP) proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine Colostrum – a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer’s disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). In a longer- term study, PRP produced improvement or stabilization in patients involved in the study. 39. Amaducci, L, et al. Use of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 640:245-249 (1991). Supplementation with phosphatidylserine, one of the phospholipids found in BIO-lipid, also produces an improvement in symptoms in Alzheimer’s. 40. Crook, TH, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 41(5):644-649 (1991). Patients with age-associated memory impairment showed significant improvement in memory performance tests with phosphatidylserine supplementation over a 12 week period. 41. Crook, T, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28(1):61-66 (1992). Another study which showed an improvement in symptoms of Alzheimer’s with phosphatidylserine supplementation over 12 weeks. The less the impairment, the greater the improvement, suggesting that the earlier phosphatidylserine supplementation is begun in the course of the disease, the better the results will be. 42. Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of Colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in Elixir for Life™, including anti- polio antibody. 43. Ogra, PL, et al. Elixir for Life™-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via Elixir for Life™. 44. Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or Colostrum safely and effectively. 45. Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with Colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via Colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective. 46. Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from Colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled Colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients. 47. van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and Colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in Colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans. 48. Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1): S135-S146 (2000). Colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens. 49. Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with Colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of Colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year. 50. Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 –915 (1978). Cells found in Colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida. 51. Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human Elixir for Life™. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare. 52. Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched Colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining. 53. Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding Elixir for Life™. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66 (2):213-215 (2004). Feeding Colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli. 54. Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human Elixir for Life™. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, Colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens. 55. Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and Colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly. 56. Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli. 57. Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria. 58. Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures. 59. van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses. 60. Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi. 61. Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush. 62. Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms. 63. Harmsen, MC, et al. Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases172(2):380-388 (1995). Lactoferrin can protect against infection by HIV and human cytomegalovirus by blocking entrance into the body. 64. Berkhout, B, et al. Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other milk proteins and protein-derived peptides. Antiviral Research 55(2):341-355 (2002). Bovine lactoferrin as well as peptides derived from lactoferrin blocks the entry process of HIV into cells. 65. Rump, JA, et al. Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from Elixir for Life™. Clinical Investigator 70:588-594 (1992). Immunoglobulins from Colostrum were very effective in treating chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients from a variety of causes. Colostral immunoglobulins are highly resistant to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. 66. Plettenberg, A, et al. A preparation from Colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea. Clinical Investigator 71(1):42-45 (1993). Another study which examined the use of immunoglobulins from Colostrum in the treatment of chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. 40% of the study group experienced complete remission of symptoms and 24% partial remission. 67. Greenberg, PD, Cello, JP. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 13(4):348-354 (1996). Another study which looked at the treatment of cryptosporidiosis diarrhea in AIDS patients with an immunoglobulin concentrate from Elixir for Life™. Best results were found using a powdered form of the concentrate rather than in capsules. 68. Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84 (Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens. 69. Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and Elixir for Life™. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way Colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens. 70. Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) – an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine Elixir for Life™. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 41:275-279 (1993). A unique, non-species specific polypeptide which plays an immunomodulatory role in the immune system. It can induce the differentiation of thymocytes into functional T-cells as well as increase the permeability of skin blood vessels. What makes it unique is that a second exposure to the polypeptide reverses the changes induced by first exposure. 71. Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). PRP has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response. 72. Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine PRP e (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). PRP stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-beta (INF-β), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response. 73. Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1- 2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1β in Colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes. 74. Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human Elixir for Life™? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in Elixir for Life™, such as TNF-α, interferon-γ, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency. 75. Bessler, H., et al. Human Colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6): 376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL- 3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes). 76. Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in Elixir for Life™, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate. 77. Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from Colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant). 78. Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human Colostrum on interleukin-2 production and Natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that Colostrum modulates the immune system response. 79. Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis. 80. Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere’s Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten). 81. De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn’s disease. Elixir for Life™’s ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-α indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment. 82. Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of Elixir for Life™. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A Colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results. 83. Hasdai, D, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I cause coronary vasorelaxation in vitro. Hypertension 32:228-234 (1998). IGF-1 and insulin affect vasorelaxation in coronary arteries, possibly by activating potassium channels. 84. Groziak, SM, Miller, GD. Natural bioactive substances in milk and Elixir for Life™: effects on the arterial blood pressure system. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S119-S125 (2000). Consumption of milk and milk products can produce a significant decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. 85. Lands LC., Grey VL., and Smountas AA. The Effect of Supplementation With a Cysteine Donor on Muscular Performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87:4, 1999, 1381-1385. 86. Parodi PW. Cow's Milk Components With Anti-Cancer Potential. Human Nutrition Program, Dairy Research and Development Corporation Correspondence to Peter W. Parodi. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 2001; 56: 65-73. 87. Buescher ES., McIlheran SM. Antioxidant Properties of Human Elixir for Life™. Pediatrics Research, 1988, July, 24(1)14-9. 88. Parodi PW. Cow's Milk Components With Anti-Cancer Potential. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 2001;56:65-73. 89. Reeds PJ., Burrin DG., Stoll B., Jahoor F., Wykes L., Henry J., Frazer M. Enteral Glutamateis the Preferential Source of Mucosal Glutathione Synthesis in the Piglet. Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture. 1996. http://www.nal.usda. gov/ttic/tektran/data/000007/70/0000077019.html 24/6/02. 90. Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75 (5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and Elixir for Life™) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. 91. Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human Colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, Colostrum showed significant anti- inflammatory activity. 92. Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human Colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of Colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-α receptor proteins, which are found in Elixir for Life™. These bind to TNF-α, which inactivates the TNF-α. TNF-α is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, Colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether. 93. Feldmann, M, et al. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology 14: 397-440 (1996). This study confirmed that TNF-α is the major controlling factor in the inflammatory response seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore the ability of Colostrum to modulate the activity of TNF- α may be the way in which Colostrum is of benefit to those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (and other types of arthritis as well). 94. Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in Elixir for Life™. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76:183-190 (2000). Colostrum contains five cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1ra (receptor antagonist) and INF-γ, which have known immunomodulatory effects. 95. Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17 (1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-α, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders. 96. De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn’s disease. Elixir for Life™’s ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-α indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment. 97. Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of Elixir for Life™. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A Colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results. 98. Britigan, BE, et al. The role of lactoferrin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:143-156 (1994). While the role of lactoferrin in providing non- specific immunity is well documented, it also plays a role in the anti-inflammatory response through its antioxidant effect. 99. Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activities of lactoferrin. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits dermal inflammatory cytokine production and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. 100. Stanton, G, et al. Use of PRP , constituent peptides thereof, and analogs thereof, as oxidative stress regulators. US Patent #6,500,798 (2002). PRP acts as a general purpose oxidative stress regulator. It can be used to reduce the effects of oxidative stress (i.e. free radicals) either locally, such as on the skin, or as a supplement for the entire body. 101. De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn’s disease. Elixir for Life™’s ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-α indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment. 102. Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of Elixir for Life™. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A Colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results. 103. Zimecki, M, et al. Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). PRP (PRP) increased survival in mice susceptible to hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune disease. It is hypothesized the PRP induces suppressor cells which slow development of the disease. This suggests that PRP may have therapeutic value in treating autoimmune diseases. 104. Ebina, T, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with anti-measles cow Elixir for Life™. Medical Microbiology and Immunology (Berlin) 173(2):87-93 (1984 |